Showing posts with label Abd al-Wahhab. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Abd al-Wahhab. Show all posts
Wednesday, June 25, 2014
‘Is ISIL really ‘Sunni’? Not at all’
By Kevin Barrett
The Western media describes ISIL – the ultra-extremist terrorists destabilizing Iraq and Syria – as “Sunni militants.”
Headlines read: “Sunni Islamist Militants Seize Mosul.” “Sunni militants capture northern Iraqi town.” “Iraq Army Tries to Roll Back Sunni Militants’ Advance.”
The corporate media casts the fighting in Iraq as a Sunni vs. Shia conflict. The Sunni side, according to these reports, is led by ISIL – a group that was expelled from al-Qaeda for being too extreme.
But is ISIL really Sunni?
Many experts say “no.” Some question whether ISIL has a right to call itself an Islamic group at all.
In an interview with Truth Jihad Radio, Islamic scholar Dr. John Andrew Morrow (Ilyas Abd al-‘Alim Islam) questioned ISIL’s Islamic credentials: “A lot of so-called jihad (such as ISIL’s) is not rooted in Islam. Especially if you look at who’s funding it, who’s supporting it, who’s behind it. Western powers have a long history of using jihadists and Islamists to further their own imperial ambitions. In terms of the foot-soldiers, they may think they are fighting for Islam. But if you look closer, you find they’re furthering the cause of the enemy.”
Dr. Morrow pointed out that much of ISIL’s behavior is patently un-Islamic. He said that the ISIL terrorists love to film themselves committing war crimes that are forbidden by Islam: “They are very proud to commit atrocities. They film it. They upload it to the internet. They have their own websites.”
Dr. Morrow commented on the notorious video showing a Takfiri terrorist eating a dead soldier’s liver: “This is what Hind (an enemy of the Muslims) did. You’re not following the sahaba, you’re not following the Prophet. You’re following the polytheists who were fighting the Prophet when you start cannibalizing corpses. And there was another video of a poor Muslim sister who was strangled to death. I mean, who goes around strangling women to cries of Allahu akbar?”
Continuing the habit of vaunting their un-Islamic atrocities, ISIL terrorists recently posted internet videos showing themselves murdering 1,700 captured Iraqi army soldiers. They have also reportedly killed dozens of Sunni imams who refuse to swear allegiance to ISIL. And they are killing Shia Muslims indiscriminately.
If these terrorists are Sunni Muslims, why are they systematically violating the tenets of Sunni Islam?
In fact, ISIL appears to be far outside of Sunni Islam. The kind of “Islam” espoused by the ISIL Takfiris is an extreme version of the Salafi-Wahhabi school of thought. These people reject the five major Islamic madhhabs (schools of thought) including the four Sunni ones. If you reject all four Sunni madhhabs, how can you call yourself Sunni?
In fact, the extreme Salafi-Wahhabis, including the ultra-extreme ISIL, have broken with mainstream Islam as it has existed for fourteen centuries. By jettisoning the established Islamic madhhabs, and stepping outside of Islam as it has always been understood, they have entered a very dangerous territory in which they feel they can just make up the rules as they go along. So they make up such rules as: “It is okay to rape Christian and Shia women. It is okay to eat the internal organs of dead enemies. It is okay to marry ‘jihad brides’ for sex and divorce them after 30 minutes. It is okay to crucify Christian holy men. It is okay to strangle women to death. It is okay to mass-murder civilians. It is okay to mass-execute prisoners of war.”
No Sunni in history would recognize this as Sunni Islam.
Zaid Hamid, a Sunni Muslim defense analyst from Pakistan, says ISIS and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but Kharajite heretics serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda. (The Kharajites were an ultra-radical group that rejected early versions of both Sunni and Shia Islam and stepped outside of the Islamic community - hence their name, which means “those who step outside.”) Hamid argues that the ultra-radical groups destabilizing Pakistan, Syria and Iraq have indeed stepped outside of Islam, and are making war on Islam and Muslims on behalf of Zionism and imperialism.
But isn’t it true that many Sunni Muslims in Iraq support ISIL?
Yes and no. It is true that some ordinary Iraqis from Sunni backgrounds have joined ISIL’s insurrection in Iraq. But these are mainly pro-Saddam revanchists, not religiously-oriented Sunni Muslims. Saddam Hussein, of course, was a radical secularist whose idols were Stalin and Hitler. Saddam’s Ba’ath party was anti-religious and pro-secularist; Saddam’s hatred of the Islamic Awakening was so extreme that he launched a war on the Ayatollah Khomeini’s new Islamic Republic in hopes of preventing the rebirth of Islam. So to call the Saddam Hussein supporters who are joining with ISIL “Sunnis” is misleading. Saddam’s forces, like ISIL, are opposed to Islam in both its traditional Sunni and Shia forms.
The full name of Sunnism is “the people of the Tradition of the Prophet and the consensus of the community” (ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamaʻah). Eating the livers of dead enemies is not part of the Tradition of the Prophet – it is the tradition of the enemies of the Prophet. And such behavior is obviously not approved by the consensus of the Muslim community.
The Tradition of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is one of inclusion, tolerance, mutual respect, and the forging of alliances between people of different tribes and religions. The original Muslim community, whose founding document is the Constitution of Medina, consisted of Christians, Jews and Muslims living together and sharing power and obligations on an equitable basis.
The real Sunna (Tradition) holds to reason and persuasion, and uses violence only as a last resort. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his Family and Companions preached peacefully for 12 years, despite atrocious persecution, before God finally authorized them to fight back in self-defense.
The real Tradition of the Prophet respects knowledge so much that “the ink of the scholar is more precious than the blood of the martyr.” And the consensus of the Islamic community is that the work of 14 centuries worth of Islamic scholarship – the five major Islamic madhhabs, both the four Sunni madhhabs and the Shia Ja’fari madhhab – collectively represents mainstream Islam. All Sunni Muslims have tremendous respect for Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq, who founded the main Shia madhhab. The terrorists who reject this tremendous scholarly achievement, and want to kill everyone who disagrees with them, are far outside of normative Sunni Islam.
So why does the Western mainstream media insist on calling anti-Sunni, anti-Shia groups like ISIL “Sunni”?
Perhaps the problem is laziness. Since ISIL has a special hatred for Shia Muslims, the simplest way to portray them is to paint the situation as an alleged Sunni vs. Shia conflict. By defaulting to this lowest-common-denominator description, the media absolves itself from the duty of explaining, in detail, what is actually going on.
But it is also possible that the corporate media is intentionally misreporting the situation. The extreme-Zionist neoconservatives launched the US invasion of Iraq in order to break up that country, and the Middle East as a whole, by inciting ethnic and sectarian strife. The “Sunni vs. Shia” meme was created and spread by the Occupiers through a wave of false-flag terrorism. Perhaps the media is trumpeting that meme in order to propagate it.
In any case, the world’s Sunni Muslims are being slandered every time the media calls ISIL “Sunni.” It is time for Sunnis to reject this mischaracterization of their religion. Perhaps Sunni Muslims should file a class action lawsuit against the media outlets that are spreading this calumny.
Wednesday, February 12, 2014
சவூத் குடும்பம் ஏன் ஈரானைப் பயப்படுகின்றது-வெறுக்கின்றது?
முதலாவது காரணம் மார்க்க ரீதியிலானது. சவூதி அரேபியாவின் உத்தியோகப்பூர்வ (முறைமைப்பட்ட) மதம் வஹ்ஹாபிஸமாகும். இந்த கடுமுனைப்பான உச்சநிலை திரிபுக் கொள்கையின்படி, ஷீஆ இஸ்லாம் என்பது சகித்துக் கொள்ள முடியாத ஒரு மத மாற்றமாகக் காணப்படுகிறது. இஸலாமிய 'மத நம்பிக்;கை அற்றவர்களாக'க் கணிக்கப்படுபவர்கள் ஷீஆக்கள் மாத்திரமல்லர். சுன்னிகள் உட்பட, வஹ்ஹாபி அடிப்படை வாதக் கோட்பாட்டிற்கு ஒத்திருக்காதவர்களெனக் கருதப்படும், எல்லா வடிவங்களைக் கொண்ட முஸ்லிம்களும், அத்தோடு கிறிஸ்தவர்களும், ஏனைய மதங்களைச் சார்ந்தவர்களும்- அனைவரும், அவ்வாறே 'மத நம்பிக்;கை அற்றவர்களாக'வே கணிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள்ளூ மேலும் அவர்கள், ஈவிரக்கமில்லாமல் தாக்கப்படுகின்றார்கள்- மரணத் தறுவாய் அளவுக்குக் கூட.
உருக் குலைந்த வஹ்ஹாபி நம்பிக்கையின்படி, ஷீஆ முஸ்லிம்கள் 'மத நம்பிக்;கை அற்றவர்களுள்' மிகவும் மோசமானவர்கள். இதனாற்றான், முக்கியமாக வஹ்ஹாபி கொள்கைவாதத்தினால் உந்தப்பட்ட, சிரிய அரசுக்கு எதிரான ஆயுதக் கோஷ்டிகள் (இவர்கள் தக்ஃபீரிகள் என்ற பெயரைக் கொண்டும் அழைக்கப்படுகின்றார்கள்), சிரியா சண்டையில், ஷீஆக்களையும் நெருங்கிய உறவுள்ள அலவிகளையும் மிகவும் காட்டுமிராண்டித்தனமான வன்முறைகளுக்குள் ஆட்படுத்துகின்றனர்.
வரலாற்றுக் காரணங்களினால் இன்று இந்த பிரதேசத்திலும் உலகிலும், ஈரான்தான் ஷீஆ இஸ்லாத்தின் மத்தியத் தலமாக விளங்குகிறது. இதனால், சவூதிகளின் பகைமைக்கு மத்தியத் தலமாக விளங்கும் தகுதியையும் ஈரான்தான் பெற்றுக் கொள்கிறது.
இரண்டாவது காரணம், ஈரானின் இஸலாமியப் புரட்சியைப் பின்னோக்கிச் செல்கின்றது. 1979ல் ஈரானியப் புரட்சி வெற்றி கண்டு, அமெரிக்காவின் ஆதரவுடன் ஆட்சியில் அமர்ந்திருந்த சர்வாதிகாரி முஹம்மத் றிஸா ஷா பஹ்லவி தூக்கி எறியப்பட்ட போது, அந்தக் குழப்பம் பிரதேசத்திலிருந்த எல்லா எதேச்சதிகார ஆட்சியாளர்களையும் பீதி கொள்ளச் செய்தது. ஏனெனில், அடக்குமுறை ஆட்சிகளுக்கெதிராக மற்ற மக்களும் கிளர்ந்தெழுவதற்கான உணாவுரீதியான தாக்கத்தை அந்தப் புரடசி வழங்கியது. இதனாற்றான், சவூதி ஆட்சியாளர்கள் உடனடி பதில் நடவடிக்கையாக 1980 ஆரம்பத்தில் பாரசீக வளைகுடா பாதுகாப்பு உடன்படிக்கையை உருவாக்கினார்கள், இதில் மற்ற முடியாட்சிகளான குவைத், கதர், பஹ்ரைன், ஐக்கிய அரபு அமீரகம், ஓமான் என்பனவும் இடம் பெற்றன.
உண்மையில், ஈரானுடனான சவூதி ஆட்சியாளர்களின் விரோதப் போக்கு, ஈரானியப் புரட்சியின் பின்னர் இன்னும் தீவிரமாகியே காணப்படுகிறது. செயல் மூலம் அதிகளவுக்கு நிரூபித்துக் காட்டப்பட்டிருக்கும் ஈரானின் ஜனநாயக தகுதிச் சான்றுகள், தனது எதேச்சதிகாரத்திற்கு உலை வைக்கும் ஓர் அச்சுறுத்தல் என சவூத் குடும்பம் காண்கிறது. பிரதேசத்தில் ஈரானின் அரசியல் செல்வாக்கு வளர்கின்ற அளவுக்கு தங்கள் இருப்பிற்கான ஓர் அச்சுறுத்தல் இருப்பதாக சவூதி ஆட்சியாளர்கள் பயப்படுகிறார்கள். மேற் குறிப்பிட்டவாறு, பிரதேசம் எங்குமே ஈரானின் கரம் காணப்படுகிறது எனச் சந்தேகப்படும் பிரிட்டனுக்கான சவூதித் தூதுவரின் கூற்று, (அதே நேரம் அவ்வாறில்லை யென்ற போதிலும்), ஈரான் பற்றி சவூத் குடும்பத்திற்கு இருக்கும் சித்தப் பிரமை கொண்ட மனோ பாவத்தை விளங்க வைக்கிறது.
மூன்றாவது காரணம், பெருமளவுக்கு லௌகீகம் சம்பந்தப்பட்டதாகும். ஆயினும், ஒரு வேளை அதுதான் சவூத் குடும்பத்தின் இறுதியான அக்கறை யாயிருக்கலாம்: அஃது, எண்ணெய் மற்றும் வாயு பொருளாதாரம் பற்றிய அதிமுக்கிய பிரச்சினை.
ஓபெக்கின் 12 உறுப்பினர் நாடுகளுள் முன்னணியில் இருக்கும் மூன்று உற்பத்தியாளர்கள் சவூதி அரேபியா, ஈராக், ஈரான் ஆகிய நாடுகளாகும். அதிக முக்கியத்துவம் வாய்;ந்தது, ஈரானின் பிரம்மாண்டமான வாயு வளம். இது இன்னும் ஒரு பொருளாதார வளமாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படவில்லை. இயற்கை வாயு என்பது அடுத்த நூற்றாண்டில் எதிர்காலத்தைய எரிபொருளாக விளங்கப் போகிறது. குழாய்களின் மூலம் எடுத்துச் செல்வதற்கும், கிடைக்கும் சக்தி அளவைப் பொறுத்தவரையிலும், இது அதிக பயன்பாட்டுத் திறன் வாய்ந்த ஓர் ஆற்றல் வளமாகத் திகழ்கிறது. சுற்றுச் சூழலைப் பொறுத்தவரையிலும், இயற்கை வாயு எண்ணெய்யை விட மிகச் சுத்தமான எரிபொருள். இது எரிவதனால் மிக குறைந்த தீங்குகளைக் கொண்ட உபபொருட்களையே தருகிறது.
பூமியின் மீது அறியப்பட்ட மிகப் பெரிய அளவிலான இயற்கை வாயு சேமிப்புத் தளம் பார்ஸ் படிநிலம்தான்ளூ இதனை ஈரான்தான் கைவசம் வைத்திருப்பதாகக் கணிக்கப்படுகிறது. வர்த்தகத் தடைகள் அகற்றப்படுவதன் வாயிலாக ஈரானின் சர்வதேச உறவுகள் இயல்புநிலையை அடையுமானால், அந்நாடு இப்போதை விடவும் வல்லமை மிக்க உலகளாவிய ஆற்றல் வள நாடாக மாறும் சாத்தியம் உண்டு. குறிப்பிடத்தக்க விதத்தில் வணிகத் திறனுடனான முக்கியத்துவம் என்னவென்றால், (ஓபெக் உறுப்பினர் அல்லாத) ரஷ்யாவுடன் ஈரானும் ஐரோப்பியச் சந்தைக்கான தேவைகளைப் பூர்த்தி செய்வதில் முதன்மை நிலையைப் பெற்றுக் கொள்ளும்.
அடக்கி வைக்கப்பட முடியாத மனிதத் தேவைகள் காரணமாக மாறாமல் எகிறும் இந்த முன்னேற்றத்தை, தனக்கான ஓர் அவசரமான அச்சுறுத்தலாக சவூத் குடும்பம் காண்கிறது. சவூதி அரேபியாவில் எண்ணெய் நிறையவே கிடைக்கின்றதுளூ இயற்கை வாயு மிகக் குறைவாகவே கிட்டுகின்றது. எனவே, ஆற்றல் உற்பத்தி நாடு என்ற வகையில், சவூதியின் வணிகத் துறை முக்கியத் தகைமை தேய்வுறுகின்ற அதே வேளை, ஈரான் அதன் விசாலமான இயற்கை வாயுப் படிவங்களின் காரணமாக மேலும் வளர்ச்சியடையும்.
.சவூதிக் கண்ணேட்டத்தின் பிரகாரம், எப்படியாவது ஈரான் தனது சாத்தியக் கூறான ஆற்றல் செல்வத்தை வளர்ச்சி அடையச் செய்ய முடியாமல், எல்லா வழிகளிலும் தடுத்து நிறுத்தப்பட வேண்டும். சவூதி அரேபியா கடன் வாங்கிய கால எல்லைக்குள் வாழ்ந்து கொண்டிருக்கிறது. அதன் எண்ணெய் சேமிப்பை முடிவில் ஈரானின் வாயுச் செல்வம் விஞ்சி விடும். ஏற்கனவே, சவூதி ஆட்சியாளர்கள் தங்கள் நாட்டில் இளைஞர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை அதிகரித்து வருவதாலும் அவர்கள் வேலை வாய்ப்பு அற்று இருப்பதாலும், எப்போது வெடிக்கும் என்று சொல்ல முடியாத ஜனத் தொகை 'டைம் பொம்'மின் மீது உட்கார்ந்து இருக்கிறார்கள். இது வரைக்கும், எண்ணெய் ஏற்றுமதியால் கிடைக்கும் நாட்டின் பொதுநிதிக் கொடுப்பனவுகளைக் கொண்டு அதனை ஈடு கட்டி வருகின்றார்கள். அதுவும் சொற்ப காலத்திற்குள் முற்றுப் பெற்று விடும்.
சவூதியின் எண்ணெய்ப் பொருளாதாரம் முற்றுப் பெற்று, ஈரான் ஒரு முன்னணி நாடாகத் திகழும் வகையில் இயற்கை வாயுக்களின் புதிய உலகளாவிய ஆற்றல் பொருளாதாரம் காரணமாக அது பின் தள்ளப்பட்டால், என்ன நடக்கும்;? பிரதேசத்தில் ஈரானின் அரசியல் செல்வாக்கு மேலும் அதிகரிக்கும்ளூ இறுகிய நிலையடைந்த சவூதி எதேச்சதிகாரிகளின் அதிகாரத்தின் மீதான பிடி தளர்வடைந்து விடும்.
அமெரிக்காவின் அரசியல் மற்றும் பொருளாதார தலைவிதி, சவூதியினதும் ஏனைய பாரசீக வளைகுடா அரசாட்சிகளினதும் பெட்ரோ டொலர் பொருளாதாரத்துடன் நெருக்கமாகப் பிணைந்துள்ளது. வங்குரோத்து (திவால்) ஆகி;ப் போன அமெரிக்க டொலர், ஏற்கனவே பெரும்பாலும் சவூதிகளும் அவர்களுடன் தொடர்புடைய ஷெய்க்களும் தங்கள் சரக்குகளை அமெரிக்க நாணயத்தில் விற்று, இலாபத்தை அமெரிக்க நிதிக் கருவூதிலத்திற்கு சேர்ப்பித்து டொலருக்கு முட்டுக் கொடுப்பதால், இதுவரை உயிராதரவு பெற்றிருக்கிறது.
ஈரான் அதன் முழுமையான வாய்ப்பு நிலைக்கு முன்னேறி, எண்ணெய்யிலும் மிக முக்கியமாக இயற்கை வாயுவிலும் வர்த்தகம் மேற் கொண்டால், அது பெரும்பாலும் ஐரோப்பிய யூரோ, ரஷ்ய ரூபிள், ஜப்பானிய யென் அல்லது சீன யுஆன் நாணயங்களிற்றான் இருக்கும். அப்படியானால், அது அமெரிக்க டொலருக்கு பேரழிவு நாளாக அமையும்ளூ நீண்ட நாட்களாக அது வீழ்ந்து விடும் என எதிர்பார்த்தபடி நிச்சயமாக வீழ்ந்தே போகும்.
முடிவில், ஈரானின் தளைகள் அகற்றப்பட்ட அரசியல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரச் சுதந்திரத்திற்கான சவூத் குடும்பத்தின் ஆழமான கடும் எதிர்ப்பில் வொஷிங்டனும் பங்கு கொள்கிறது. அது மறைபொருளான வஹ்ஹாபி காரணங்களுக்கல்லாமல், அதிமுக்கிய பொருளாதார சுய பாதுகாப்பிற்காகத் தான். எனவேதான், இந்த வாரம் ஃபிரெஞ்ச் வியாபார தூதுகுழு வொன்று கூட்டு வாணிபத்திற்கான சாத்தியக்கூறுகளை ஆராய ஈரானுக்கு விஜயம் செய்த போது, வொஷிங்டனிடமிருந்து பலத்த கண்டனம் தெரிவிக்கப்பட்டது. கலவரப்பட்டு போன அமெரி;க்காவின் உள்துறை செயலாளர் ஜோன் கெர்ரி, ஃபிரான்ஸின் உள்நாட்டமைச்சர் லோரன்ட் ஃபெபியஸைத் தொலைபேசியில் தொடர்பு கொண்டு, தூதுகுழுவிற்கான தனது எதிர்ப்பைத் தெரிவித்ததாக அறிவிக்கப்படுகிறது. டொலரை வீசியெறிந்து விட்டு, ஈரான் ஐரோப்பியாவுடன் சுயாதீனமான வர்த்தகம் மேற் கொள்வதைக் காண அமெரிக்கா கண்டிப்பாக விரும்பவில்லை.
சவூதிச் சர்வாதிகாரிகளுக்கும் அவர்களின் அமெரிக்கப் போஷகர்களுக்கும், ஈரான் ஒரு பொருளாதாரச் சக்தியாகப் பரிணமிப்பதை அனுமதிக்க இயலாது. அது நேரடியாக சவூத் குடும்பத்தை அரசியல்ரீதியாகவும், பொருளாதாரரீதியாகவும் அச்சுறுத்துவதாக அமைந்துவிடும்ளூ அது மறுபுறத்தில் வொஷிங்டனை அதன் அடித்தளத்திலேயே ஆட்டங் காண வைத்து விடும்.
மேற் சொன்ன எல்லா காரணங்களுக்காகவும், சவூதி ஆட்சியாளர்கள் அனைத்திற்கும் மேலாக ஈரானை அஞ்சுகிறார்கள். ஸியனிஸ இஸ்ரவேல் அரசையும், கிழக்கு அல் குத்ஸில் (ஜெருசலத்தில்) அது இஸ்லாமிய புனித ஸ்தலங்களைப் பாழ்படுத்தி நாசம் விளைவிப்பதையும் எதிர்த்து, தங்களை இஸ்லாத்தின் பாதுகாவலர்களென சுயமே பிரகடனப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளும் அல் சவூத் குடும்பத்தினர் ஒரு வார்த்தைதானும் பேசியது கிடையாது. அவர்களுக்கிருக்கும் பயமும் விரோதமும், ஈரானுக்கும், அதன் நேச நாடுகளான சிரியா, பஹ்ரைன் மக்கள், ஈராக், எமன், வேறு பலவற்றுக்கும் எதிராக மறைமுகமான யுத்தமொன்றைத் தொடுப்பதற்குத் தான் முனைப்பு கொள்ள வைத்திருக்கிறது. ஈரானை எந்த விதத்திலாவது அடக்கி வைக்க வேண்டும், தடுத்து நிறுத்த வேண்டும், தடைகளை ஏற்படுத்தி முன்னேறாமற் செய்ய வேண்டும் என அவர்கள் விரும்புகின்றனர்ளூ வொஷிங்டனும் புவியியல் அரசியல் தேவைகளுக்காக சவூதியின் பக்கம் சாய்ந்துள்ளது.
ஆயினும், எதிர்வரும் தசாப்தங்களில், உலகளாவிய ஆற்றல் பொருட்களின் தேவைக்கான கட்டமைப்புத் தகடுகள் கடுமையாக நகர்கின்ற போது, சவூதி ஆட்சியாளர்களும் அவர்களின் அமெரிக்கப் போஷகர்களும், தோல்வியை அரவணைக்கும் பக்கத்திற்றான் தாங்கள் இருப்பதைக் காண்பார்கள். சொல்லப் போனால், மிகச் சரியான வழியில் இது அல் சவூதினதும் அமெரிக்க சாம்ராஜ்யத்தின் இறுதி முடிவுக்கு வழி கோலும். அதன் காரணமாக, விரோதமும் தீர்ந்து போகும்.
பி;ன்குறிப்பு:
திரு.கே எனது கட்டுரை பற்;றி ஒரு விமர்சனம் தந்துள்ளார். அதில் அவர், நான் உருவரை செய்துள்ள மூன்று காரணங்களுக்கு மேலதிகமாக நான்காவது அம்சமொன்றை (அதாவது, சட்டப்படியான நிலை குறித்து) கருத்துத் தெரிவித்துள்ளார். அவர் மேலும் கூறுகிறார்: 'ஈரானிய அரசு சட்டப்படியானதாகும்ளூ அதேநேரம், அல் சவூத் சட்டப்படியானதல்ல. இஸலாமியக் குடியரசு ஒரு மக்கள் புரட்சியின் மூலம் அமைந்ததுளூ அங்கு உண்மையான தேர்தல்;கள் நடத்தப்படுகின்றனளூ அது மனிதாபிமான நிலைப்பாடொன்றைக் கொண்டிருக்கிறதுளூ அங்கு உண்மைபூர்வமான இஸ்லாமிய அறிவுப் புலமை காண்ப்படுகிறது. மறுபக்கத்தில், அல் சவூத், பிரிட்டிஷாரின் துணையுடன் பலாத்காரமாக தாம் ஆளும் பகுதியைத் தம் கட்டுப்பாட்டிற்குள் கொண்டு வந்ததுளூ அது முற்றிலும் எதேச்சதிகாரமானதுளூ மனித சமுதாயத்தின் தீது வெறுப்பை உமிழ்கிறதுளூ மனிதர்களுக்கு தீங்கு இழைக்கின்றதுளூ அது போலி வஹ்ஹாபி 'அறிஞர்களை' தன் வசம் வைத்திருக்கிறது - இவர்கள் ஒரு விஷக் கிருமியை விட முஸ்லி;ம் உம்மத்திற்கு ஆபத்தானவர்கள். ஈரானின் வெற்றியை காண்பதற்கும், எல்லா விதத்திலுமான ஸியனனிஸப் பிரச்சாரங்களுக்கு மத்தியிலும் ஈரான் பெற்று வரும் மதிப்பு மரியாதையை உணர்ந்து கொள்வதற்கும், சட்ட விரோத அல் சவூத் அரசு தயாராயில்லை.'
மேலதிகக் கருத்திற்காக நான் அவருக்கு நன்றி மொழிகிறேன். அல் சவூத் ஏன் ஈரானை இத்துணை ஆழமாக மறுதலிக்கிறது, சகித்துக் கொள்ள முடியாமலிருக்கிறது என்பதற்கு தகுந்த வாதங்களை முன் வைத்து அழகாகச் சொல்லியிருக்கிறார். அவர் கூறிய மாதிரி, சவூதி ஆட்சியின் குறைகளையும், தலை கீழான தனமையையும், அசிங்கத்தையும் காட்டும் கண்ணாடியாக ஈரான் அதன் முன்னால் நின்று கொண்டிருக்கிறது.
கட்டுரையாளர் ஃபினியன் குன்னிங்காம் (1963ல் பிறந்தவர்) சர்வதேச விவகாரங்களைப் பற்றி விரிவாக எழுதியுள்ளார். இவரது கட்டுரைகள் பல மொழிகளிலும் வெளிவந்துள்ளன. இவர் விவசாய ரசாயனத் துறையில் முதுமானி பட்டதாரி. இவர் பத்திரிகைத் துறையில் பிரவேசிக்கும் முன்னர், இங்கிலாந்து கேம்பிரிட்ஜில் ரசாயனத்திற்கான அரச சங்கத்தின் விஞ்ஞான இதழ் ஆசிரியராக பணி புரிந்துள்ளார். மேலும், சுமார் 20 ஆண்டுகள் பெரும் செய்தி ஊடக நிறுவனங்களில் ஓர் ஆசிரியராகவும் எழுத்தாளராகவும் கடமை யாற்றியுள்ளார். அயர்லாந்து பெல்ஃபாஸ்டைச் சேர்ந்த இவர், தற்போது கிழக்கு ஆஃபிரிக்காவில் ஸ்தாபனம் சாராத ஒரு பத்திரிகை யளராக நிலைபெற்றுள்ளார். அங்கிருந்து கொண்டு, இவர் பஹ்ரைனையும் அரபு வசந்தத்தையும் பற்றி, தான் பாரசீக வளைகுடாவில் ஒரு செய்தி நிருபராக இருக்கும் போது கண்ணால் கண்ட அனுபவங்களை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்டு ஒரு நூலை எழுதி வருகிறார். பஹ்ரைன் முடியாட்சியின் ராணுவம் இழைத்த மனித உரிமை மீறல்களை விமர்சித்து எழுதியதால், இவர் 2011 ஜுpனில் பஹ்ரைனிலிருந்து வெளியேற்றப்பட்டார். இவர் பிரஸ் டீவீயில் சர்வதேச அரசியல் பற்றி இப்போது பத்தி எழுதுகிறார்.
(தமிழில்: இப்னு புகாரி)
Monday, July 1, 2013
Mursi joins the US-zionist-Saudi crusade in Syria
by Ayman Ahmed
July, 2013
President Mursi has succumbed to US-Saudi-zionist pressure and joined the crusade in Syria. Since becoming president, he has badly mishandled Egypt’s affairs and with a bankrupt economy, he has embarked on a policy that will have serious repercussions for the country’s future.
In recent days, many observers have found Egyptian President Mohamed Mursi’s behavior quite erratic. Whether this is forced upon him by circumstances and/or powers that be or reflect his own thinking is difficult to tell but instead of showing leadership he has succumbed to the forces of darkness that are leading him down a blind alley. His latest antics come amid shrill calls from the US and its Western allies to devise plans to send heavy weapons to the mercenaries in Syria that have already caused havoc in the country.
On June 13, President Barack Obama alleged that the Syrian government was guilty of using “chemical weapons” — Obama’s red line — and that he was authorizing the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to arrange for arms shipments to the rebels. The same day, a conference of some 70 religious scholars was held in Cairo, Egypt. Was it a coincidence or choreographed to provide an Islamic crutch to what is a Western crusade against another Muslim country? Convened by the International Union of Muslim Scholars, a body headed by Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi and generously funded by Qatar and Saudi Arabia, it was attended by some 70 court ‘ulama from Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf monarchies. These so-called ‘ulama have never had the tawfiq to utter one word of condemnation against Zionist crimes inflicted on the long-suffering Palestinians but they waxed eloquent in support of the Syrian people and the mercenaries fighting there.
The conference attendees were shown a crude video, most probably doctored, to highlight “crimes” perpetrated by the Syrian army against the people. Even if true, there is no shortage of crimes being perpetrated by both sides in Syria. Recently a horrible video appeared on YouTube, uploaded by the rebels, in which one of the Saudi-Zionist-American-backed mercenaries ripped open the body of a dead Syrian soldier and chewed upon his liver. Even Russian President Vladimir Putin was so appalled by this that he publicly chastised British Prime Minister David Cameron at a June 16 press conference in London telling him, “Do you want to arm people that eat their enemies’ organs?” Cameron offered the lame excuse, “Not all of them do it.” How many cannibals would it take for the West and their Arabian puppets to stop arming such beasts?
The website for Shaykh al-Qaradawi’s organization ran a statement claiming the Cairo meeting was designed to “show the real face of Iran, the Asad regime and Hizbullah,” in reference to the allegation that Islamic Iran and Hizbullah’s backing is keeping Bashar al-Asad’s government in power. There is no proof of Iran’s direct military involvement in Syria although Tehran has made no secret of its political backing for al-Asad as part of the resistance front against Zionist aggression. Hizbullah did support the Syrian army to liberate al-Qusayr in May but that came two years after the mercenaries had occupied the border town and perpetrated terrible crimes against civilians, many of them Lebanese. On the other hand, it is well documented that at least 40,000 mercenaries from 27 countries are operating in Syria. Regimes supporting such mercenaries or allowing them to use their territory to cross into Syria are in clear violation of international law — yes, the one crafted by the West itself that is so often invoked against those that challenge Western hegemony — and thus are perpetrating war crimes. Such violations, however, have not bothered the West’s human rights crusaders because they are determined to overthrow al-Asad even if the mercenaries they are supporting indulge in acts of cannibalism. In fact, such acts advance the West’s long-standing agenda to depict Islam in the most negative light. Barring a few exceptions, the overwhelming majority of Muslims worldwide have recoiled in horror at such behavior. It reminds them of the barbaric practice of Abu Sufyan’s wife Hind in the Battle of Uhud when she ripped open the body of Hamzah (ra), the Prophet’s uncle, and chewed upon his liver. Are the mercenaries in Syria any better? More crucially, those backing them are following in the footsteps of Abu Jahal, Abu Lahab, Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind. Back to the days of jahiliyah!
The Cairo conference and those attending it had a nefarious agenda: to stoke sectarian conflict in the Ummah. They declared the anti-government struggle in Syria as “jihad” and urged “Sunni Muslims” from all over the world to join it. But making such declarations at a conference attended by a mere 70 court ‘ulama including the Shaykh of al-Azhar Ahmed al-Tayeb, who is known to be a decent person, would not get much traction; nor would Shaykh al-Qaradawi’s website help advance the cause of the “jihadi mercenaries.” A more direct approach was deemed necessary to reach a wider audience. The next day, on Jumu‘ah, a direct appeal was made to the masses at salat al-jumu‘ah. Saudi preacher Mohammed al-‘Arify used his guest sermon at a central masjid in Cairo to harangue thousands of worshippers to not only support the mercenaries in Syria but to join them by enlisting in “jihad.” It was al-‘Arify who had earlier issued a call for Muslim girls to join what he referred to as jihad al-munakahah in Syria. What this means is that Muslim girls should go to Syria to service the sexual needs of mercenaries fighting there. Unfortunately some gullible girls from Tunisia and other places have joined what is essentially a prostitution racket to advance the Zionist-imperialist agenda in the region. Worse still, those that call themselves ‘ulama are advocating such conduct.
Even Masjid al-Haram, the sacred House of Allah (swt) in Makkah has not been spared. Sheikh Sa‘ud al-Shuraym, using the minbar of Masjid al-Haram on Jumu‘ah urged Muslims to help the Syrian rebels “by all means” possible. He even broke down while making the appeal, whichwas broadcast live on several Arabian TV channels. How many times has any Saudi preacher made an appeal to help the Palestinians, much less shedding tears for them? Muslims struggling for their legitimate rights elsewhere, in Kashmir or Afghanistan, for instance, should not entertain any illusions that a Saudi preacher would ever pray for them much less ask for material help.
In the desert kingdom, use of the two sacred masjids — Masjid al-Haram and al-Masjid al-Nabawi — or indeed any other masjid, for political sermons is strictly forbidden. Talking rituals is the order of the day. The House of Saud is terrified lest some independent-minded shaykh might emerge and take its members to task for corruption or lewd behavior. Pre-approved khutbahs are handed to them to deliver from all the masjids in the kingdom. The abuse of the minbar to vilify fellow Muslims revives memories of the dark days of the Umayyad rulers when they instituted the policy of cursing Imam ‘Ali (a) and the Prophet’s (pbuh) family, the Ahl al-Bayt (nastaghfir-allah).
After participating in the khutbah crusade, the preachers assembled in Cairo, feasted on rice and lamb, and then rested for a while, as is their wont, before invading the presidential palace to harangue Mursi to join their campaign. Seeing Saudi- and Qatari-backed preachers and smelling riyals, Mursi could not resist the temptation. Egypt is suffering from a severe financial crisis making him vulnerable to petro-dollars and riyals. He succumbs to whoever comes with offers of cash for his cash-strapped country.
After his meeting with the preachers on Friday night, Mursi addressed thousands of supporters in a Cairo stadium the following day for a “Free Syria” rally. Some of the religious preachers from the conference were also present. Mursi announced cutting all relations with Damascus. He said Egypt was closing its embassy and withdrawing its Charge d’Affaires from Damascus while he demanded the Syrian ambassador leave Cairo. Mohamed Seif al-Dawla, a former advisor to Mursi recalled that after Israel attacked Syria in May, he had demanded the closure of the Zionist embassy in Cairo. Instead, Mursi has shut down the Syrian embassy!
Just over a year earlier, Mursi had announced the formation of a four-member Contact Group to resolve the Syrian crisis peacefully. He had made the appeal at the Organization of Islamic Cooperation meeting in Makkah. He reiterated the same call at the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Tehran a couple of weeks later. The quartet, according to Mursi would comprise Egypt, Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. With his support base at home shrinking and under US-Saudi-Qatari pressure, Mursi has abandoned his own plan to resolve the Syrian crisis through dialogue. Instead, he has joined the Anglo-Wahhabi-Zionist-imperialist crusade. He even demanded that a no-fly zone be imposed over Syria in the manner of Libya. Russia has made clear it will not support any such move and would veto any resolution presented in the UN Security Council.
It is depressing to note that those calling themselves ‘ulama resort to tactics that are bound to deepen existing fissures in the Ummah. Exactly a century ago, the British had injected the poison of nationalism to create divisions between the Ottoman Turks and Arabian chiefs. While these tribal chiefs did not get independence, their betrayal led directly to the implantation of the Zionist entity in Palestine. Today, sectarianism is being promoted in order to safeguard the Zionist entity from the growing awareness in the Ummah, especially the Muslim East. The Arabian chiefs will pay a heavy price for such treachery. In any case, their days are numbered and sooner rather than later, they will be consigned to the dustbin of history where they rightly belong.
Wednesday, June 26, 2013
Respecting differences
by Zafar Bangash
June, 2013
The tendency among some Muslims to insist that their particular understanding of Islam is the only correct way has caused numerous problems. These are compounded by rigidity leading to unnecessary conflict when Muslims should be tolerant of different approaches.
Every Muslim sincerely and consciously commits to the One God — Allah (swt) — the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as the last and final messenger for all humanity, and the Qur’an as the revealed word of Allah (swt) to guide humanity till eternity. Problems arise in the Muslims’ selective understanding and application of Qur’anic teachings and the role of the noble Messenger (pbuh) in their lives. This is further complicated by some Muslims’ insistence that their particular understanding is the only legitimate way to interpret and implement Islam in real life. When such attitudes harden into fanaticism, it leads to disunity among Muslims and divisions in the Ummah.
Many different approaches can be identified but the most serious differences exist among those Muslims that are striving to establish Islamic states in their societies. Is there only one way to achieve this? Often adherents of different approaches seem to think theirs is the only correct way and all others are wrong. Our readers know where we stand. Our position is clear from our writings in this magazine as well as from our other works such as the tafsir of the noble Qur’an by Imam Muhammad al-Asi or the books we have produced on the Sirah of the noble Messenger (pbuh). But we also take the position that no matter how strongly we may disagree with other Muslims’ point of view we do not exclude them from the fold of Islam or from adding their views to the larger ferment of Islamic ideas.
Denouncing other Muslims as kafirs has regrettably become fashionable among some groups (the takfiris). They go further: based on such denunciation, they think it is permissible to kill the Muslims so identified. Such behavior has no sanction in the Qur’an or the Sunnah and the Sirah of the noble Messenger (pbuh). There are a few conditions in which killing others (anyone) is permitted: three of these include engagement on the battlefield, treason, and the murder of an innocent person. In the latter case, the Qur’an stresses forgiveness over revenge.
So how did Muslims end up with this strange takfiri ideology that is spreading like a virus in the Ummah? A closely related phenomenon is that of sectarianism. It is used to create hatred against a targeted group of Muslims to justify acts of violence against them — including killing them. Muslims would do well to identify the forces that are pushing them toward sectarian warfare: imperialism and Zionism. True, different sects have always existed among Muslims but their differences never took on the virulent form it has taken on today. Whose interest does it serve for Muslims to fight each other? Let us be blunt: some Muslims that call themselves Sunnis are busy instigating hatred against other Muslims that carry the Shi‘i label. This is most clearly visible in places like Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain. The launch of this campaign can be traced to the success of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, a Shi‘i majority country, in 1979. Iran’s success exposed the fraudulent claims of the puppet Arabian regimes to being Islamic. The only way they could undermine Islamic Iran was by playing up the sectarian card.
Regrettably, some Sunni ‘ulama including those that have built a reputation for learning have also joined this campaign. Changes in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon have led them to describe these as the “Shi‘i project.” When a tyrant like Saddam Husain was in power in Iraq, many of these ‘ulama remained silent. Today, they seem to have fallen for the lure of comfortable living under the patronage of petro-rulers and joined their vicious sectarian game. Instead of urging Muslims to confront imperialism and Zionism and their local agents in the Muslim world, they are busy pushing Muslims into the flames of sectarianism.
We have no doubt that committed Muslims will ultimately triumph over the imperialists, Zionists and their munafiq agents in the Muslim world, as promised by Allah (swt) in the noble Qur’an (47:07, 61:13), but before that victory is achieved, Muslims would have paid a terrible price in life and blood. Committed Muslims have an obligation to properly understand the global reality and take the necessary steps to guard against all such schemes aimed at dividing them. Such divisions only serve the agenda of a more and more desperate West, whose policies have failed. Leading Muslim institutions, such as al-Azhar in Egypt, have a responsibility to come out clearly against such attempts at creating divisions and work for social and religious harmony among Muslims. Al-Azhar has a rich history of working to bring Muslims together. The legacy of Shaykh Mahmoud Shaltut needs to be revived and built on. Now is the time to do it.
Zafar Bangash is Director of the Institute of Contemporary Islamic Thought
Monday, August 17, 2009
The House of Saud’s crisis of legitimacy




The House of Saud’s crisis of legitimacy
by Khalil Osman
The aftermath of September 11 has focused attention once more on the House of Saud and its ability to survive. There are growing indications that the genie of waning popularity, which the Saudi dynasty has long feared and tried to control by a legion of gimmicks, has again escaped. True, the Saudi clan is still established in the corridors of power, but an important pillar of its position seems to be seriously eroded.
The crisis has taken the form of a storm of criticism from a number of Saudi ulama, warning the government not to side with the US against a Muslim country. At least seven ulama have reportedly issued fatawa (juristic rulings) condemning the US and Britain for their attacks on Afghanistan. In a series of rulings in September and October, Shaykh Hammoud bin ‘Uqla al-Shu’aybi declared that "whoever supports and backs the infidels against Muslims is considered an infidel." Shu’aybi, a former head of the department of theology at Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, is one of the most prominent and learned ulama in the kingdom. He comes from Najd, the traditional power base of the royal family, and lives in Buraydah, a town north of Riyadh. Buraydah has been a centre of religious opposition to the royal family for a decade; Shu’aybi was imprisoned in the mid-1990s for publicly criticising the ruling family’s policies during and after the Gulf war. He has recently been called in for questioning by the authorities on at least two occasions, but has consistently refused to be silenced.
Similar fatawa issued by Shaykhs Sulayman ‘Alwan and Ali Khudayr, two young ulama with links to Shu’aybi, rule that those supporting the US war against Afghanistan "by hand, by tongue, or by money" are automatically excommunicated from Islam. Other fatawa refer specifically to the country’s rulers as "infidels."
These rulings demonstrate the growing rift between the House of Saud and elements of the Wahhabi establishment. They indicate that cracks are emerging in the 256-year pact between the House of Saud and the followers of Shaykh Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1793). The deal of 1744 between Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud, then chieftain of the town of Dar’iyyah in Wadi Hanifah, produced a double-headed political entity that challenged the Ottoman state. Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and the ulama exercised religious authority while the Saudi rulers exerted political authority.
Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab got most of his inspiration from the distinctive political views of Taqiy al-Din Ahmad bin ‘Abd al-Halim bin Taymiyyah al-Harrani (1263-1328), who denied the necessity of the khilafah, arguing that the true khilafah ceased to exist after the four rightly-guided khulafa. Instead of the political unity of the khilafah, he accepted plurality of Muslim states. Ibn Taymiyyah emphasised the importance of cooperation between the de facto rulers and the religious establishment for the implementation of the Shari’ah. He interpreted the Qur’anic phrase "those of you who are in authority" (uli al-amr minkum, 4:59) to mean the ulama and the amirs. The ulama interpret the Shari’ah and have the authority to administer it, mainly as judges, working in conjunction with the amirs.
It can be argued that Ibn Taymiyyah tried to increase the influence of the ulama. His theory was a departure from the classical Sunni view exemplified by Abu al-Hassan ‘Ali bin Muhammad bin Habib al-Mawardi (974-1058), which accepts the legitimacy of de facto rulers, provided that their authority is recognized by the khalifah. Instead, for Ibn Taymiyyah governance and religious learning are combined into a whole whereby shawkah (force, might) becomes dependent on carrying out the objectives of the Shari’ah under the supervision of the ulama. However, in practice the division of power and authority into spiritual and temporal, religious and political, succumbs to an irremediable dualism whereby Shari’ah and deen are subordinated to the exigencies of raison d’etat and politics.
It was through Wahhabism that the political theory of Ibn Taymiyyah found its practical expression. Unlike other reformist movements in the history of Islam, where the ultimate authorities were vested in the leaders of these groups, the duality and bifurcation of religious and political leadership figure prominently in Wahhabism. After the alliance between Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and Ibn Saud, the conquests of the Saudi-Wahhabi forces spread the Saudis’ dominion and the Wahhabi doctrine simultaneously. As such, Wahhabism provided the Saudi state with legitimation, an acceptance of the House of Saud’s right to rule and their subjects’ obligation to obey them. The Wahhabi ulama became an ideological elite, helping to maintain and legitimize the political system and government.
But Ibn Taymiyyah’s division of authority results in political contradiction. The absolute monopoly of shawkah is bound to clash eventually with the supervisory role of the ulama. Suspended between these two poles, the political system is prone to instability. The arrangement is a double-edged sword. It fosters political dissent on religious grounds. The relative openness of the religious institutions enables them to play a leading role in voicing political grievances.
The main impression that transpires from a cursory examination of Saudi history is that it is the shawkah of the House of Saud, rather than the theological and juristic epistemology of the ulama, that has been setting most of their agenda. The crushing of the Ikhwan fighters, the Wahhabi political force that helped king Abd al-’Aziz to extend his sway throughout the Arabian peninsula in the first quarter of the twentieth century, demonstrated this primacy of the shawkah of the Saudi royal family over the religious institutions in the country’s political life. Oil wealth, which enabled the state to provide the ulama with handsome salaries, social status and positions of importance, supported the royal family’s efforts to absorb the religious institutions of Islam, such as mosques, schools, courts and awqaf (religious endowments), into the state apparatus. By and large, the role of the ulama was reduced to providing institutional support and legitimation for the regime, and engineering the people’s consent.
Yet the 1990-91 Gulf crisis and subsequent war brought this extended honeymoon to an end, as Islamic radicals and ulama began to voice their opposition to the presence of American troops on the Arabian peninsula, and also their dissatisfaction with the royal family’s corrupt and dictatorial rule. A number of prominent ulama, notably Safar al-Hawali, dean of the department of Islamic studies at Umm al-Qura University, Makkah, and Sulayman al-’Udah were quick to denounce the decision of king Fahd bin ‘Abd al-’Aziz to seek western help to confront Saddam Hussein.
The distrust between religious circles and the government over the presence of foreign forces in the kingdom continued after the war. The government’s efforts to obtain religious sanction for its policies through fatawa from the kingdom’s highest religious authorities were in vain. A number of university lecturers and ulama have since castigated the government for adopting policies that they deem to be unIslamic. Audiotapes of many critical lectures circulated around the country; memoranda of advice (naseehah), calling for an independent consultative assembly, an independent judiciary, government accountability and a crackdown on corrupt officials, were addressed to the king.
On the heels of these developments came the establishment of organized opposition groups such as the Committee to Defend Legitimate Rights and the Movement for Islamic Reform. These movements added renewed vigour to non-violent political opposition. They embarked on wide-ranging campaigns using fax, email and toll-free numbers. Unlike earlier episodes, in which dissent erupted into public confrontation, such as the takeover in 1979 of al-Haram al-Shareef in Makkah by Juhayman al-’Utaybi and his followers, this time dissent seems to have wide support. The demonstrations in Buraydah demanding the release of jailed ulama (1994) underline the popularity of the movement.
There has also reportedly been increasing support for Usama bin Ladin. A tape distributed last summer, showing fighters performing urban and guerrilla-warfare games in their camps while bin Ladin criticised the US and Israel, shook the authorities. The tape’s great popularity prompted the police to round up dozens of people suspected of distributing it, and to interrogate them about their links with bin Ladin and his network. The rate of arrests increased dramatically after September 11.
by Khalil Osman
The aftermath of September 11 has focused attention once more on the House of Saud and its ability to survive. There are growing indications that the genie of waning popularity, which the Saudi dynasty has long feared and tried to control by a legion of gimmicks, has again escaped. True, the Saudi clan is still established in the corridors of power, but an important pillar of its position seems to be seriously eroded.
The crisis has taken the form of a storm of criticism from a number of Saudi ulama, warning the government not to side with the US against a Muslim country. At least seven ulama have reportedly issued fatawa (juristic rulings) condemning the US and Britain for their attacks on Afghanistan. In a series of rulings in September and October, Shaykh Hammoud bin ‘Uqla al-Shu’aybi declared that "whoever supports and backs the infidels against Muslims is considered an infidel." Shu’aybi, a former head of the department of theology at Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, is one of the most prominent and learned ulama in the kingdom. He comes from Najd, the traditional power base of the royal family, and lives in Buraydah, a town north of Riyadh. Buraydah has been a centre of religious opposition to the royal family for a decade; Shu’aybi was imprisoned in the mid-1990s for publicly criticising the ruling family’s policies during and after the Gulf war. He has recently been called in for questioning by the authorities on at least two occasions, but has consistently refused to be silenced.
Similar fatawa issued by Shaykhs Sulayman ‘Alwan and Ali Khudayr, two young ulama with links to Shu’aybi, rule that those supporting the US war against Afghanistan "by hand, by tongue, or by money" are automatically excommunicated from Islam. Other fatawa refer specifically to the country’s rulers as "infidels."
These rulings demonstrate the growing rift between the House of Saud and elements of the Wahhabi establishment. They indicate that cracks are emerging in the 256-year pact between the House of Saud and the followers of Shaykh Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1793). The deal of 1744 between Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud, then chieftain of the town of Dar’iyyah in Wadi Hanifah, produced a double-headed political entity that challenged the Ottoman state. Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and the ulama exercised religious authority while the Saudi rulers exerted political authority.
Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab got most of his inspiration from the distinctive political views of Taqiy al-Din Ahmad bin ‘Abd al-Halim bin Taymiyyah al-Harrani (1263-1328), who denied the necessity of the khilafah, arguing that the true khilafah ceased to exist after the four rightly-guided khulafa. Instead of the political unity of the khilafah, he accepted plurality of Muslim states. Ibn Taymiyyah emphasised the importance of cooperation between the de facto rulers and the religious establishment for the implementation of the Shari’ah. He interpreted the Qur’anic phrase "those of you who are in authority" (uli al-amr minkum, 4:59) to mean the ulama and the amirs. The ulama interpret the Shari’ah and have the authority to administer it, mainly as judges, working in conjunction with the amirs.
It can be argued that Ibn Taymiyyah tried to increase the influence of the ulama. His theory was a departure from the classical Sunni view exemplified by Abu al-Hassan ‘Ali bin Muhammad bin Habib al-Mawardi (974-1058), which accepts the legitimacy of de facto rulers, provided that their authority is recognized by the khalifah. Instead, for Ibn Taymiyyah governance and religious learning are combined into a whole whereby shawkah (force, might) becomes dependent on carrying out the objectives of the Shari’ah under the supervision of the ulama. However, in practice the division of power and authority into spiritual and temporal, religious and political, succumbs to an irremediable dualism whereby Shari’ah and deen are subordinated to the exigencies of raison d’etat and politics.
It was through Wahhabism that the political theory of Ibn Taymiyyah found its practical expression. Unlike other reformist movements in the history of Islam, where the ultimate authorities were vested in the leaders of these groups, the duality and bifurcation of religious and political leadership figure prominently in Wahhabism. After the alliance between Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and Ibn Saud, the conquests of the Saudi-Wahhabi forces spread the Saudis’ dominion and the Wahhabi doctrine simultaneously. As such, Wahhabism provided the Saudi state with legitimation, an acceptance of the House of Saud’s right to rule and their subjects’ obligation to obey them. The Wahhabi ulama became an ideological elite, helping to maintain and legitimize the political system and government.
But Ibn Taymiyyah’s division of authority results in political contradiction. The absolute monopoly of shawkah is bound to clash eventually with the supervisory role of the ulama. Suspended between these two poles, the political system is prone to instability. The arrangement is a double-edged sword. It fosters political dissent on religious grounds. The relative openness of the religious institutions enables them to play a leading role in voicing political grievances.
The main impression that transpires from a cursory examination of Saudi history is that it is the shawkah of the House of Saud, rather than the theological and juristic epistemology of the ulama, that has been setting most of their agenda. The crushing of the Ikhwan fighters, the Wahhabi political force that helped king Abd al-’Aziz to extend his sway throughout the Arabian peninsula in the first quarter of the twentieth century, demonstrated this primacy of the shawkah of the Saudi royal family over the religious institutions in the country’s political life. Oil wealth, which enabled the state to provide the ulama with handsome salaries, social status and positions of importance, supported the royal family’s efforts to absorb the religious institutions of Islam, such as mosques, schools, courts and awqaf (religious endowments), into the state apparatus. By and large, the role of the ulama was reduced to providing institutional support and legitimation for the regime, and engineering the people’s consent.
Yet the 1990-91 Gulf crisis and subsequent war brought this extended honeymoon to an end, as Islamic radicals and ulama began to voice their opposition to the presence of American troops on the Arabian peninsula, and also their dissatisfaction with the royal family’s corrupt and dictatorial rule. A number of prominent ulama, notably Safar al-Hawali, dean of the department of Islamic studies at Umm al-Qura University, Makkah, and Sulayman al-’Udah were quick to denounce the decision of king Fahd bin ‘Abd al-’Aziz to seek western help to confront Saddam Hussein.
The distrust between religious circles and the government over the presence of foreign forces in the kingdom continued after the war. The government’s efforts to obtain religious sanction for its policies through fatawa from the kingdom’s highest religious authorities were in vain. A number of university lecturers and ulama have since castigated the government for adopting policies that they deem to be unIslamic. Audiotapes of many critical lectures circulated around the country; memoranda of advice (naseehah), calling for an independent consultative assembly, an independent judiciary, government accountability and a crackdown on corrupt officials, were addressed to the king.
On the heels of these developments came the establishment of organized opposition groups such as the Committee to Defend Legitimate Rights and the Movement for Islamic Reform. These movements added renewed vigour to non-violent political opposition. They embarked on wide-ranging campaigns using fax, email and toll-free numbers. Unlike earlier episodes, in which dissent erupted into public confrontation, such as the takeover in 1979 of al-Haram al-Shareef in Makkah by Juhayman al-’Utaybi and his followers, this time dissent seems to have wide support. The demonstrations in Buraydah demanding the release of jailed ulama (1994) underline the popularity of the movement.
There has also reportedly been increasing support for Usama bin Ladin. A tape distributed last summer, showing fighters performing urban and guerrilla-warfare games in their camps while bin Ladin criticised the US and Israel, shook the authorities. The tape’s great popularity prompted the police to round up dozens of people suspected of distributing it, and to interrogate them about their links with bin Ladin and his network. The rate of arrests increased dramatically after September 11.
The Saudi government’s reluctance to allow the US to use the Prince Sultan Air Base in Dhahran in its bombing campaign against Afghanistan shows the increasingly difficult predicament it faces: a strong alliance with the US under the present conditions could foment even more serious trouble at home. In fact, internal pressures are more important in explaining the muted Saudi support for the US’s "war on terrorism" than Washington’s pro-Israel bias.
The escalating tension between the Wahhabi ulama and the House of Saud could be explosive. It effectively undermines the religious aspect of the Saudis’ dynastic legitimacy. The claim of legitimacy is an important part of a government’s ability to sustain the consent of the majority of the population, that is their acceptance of that government’s authority over them. No government can long operate without inspiring in its populace an emotional faith in its legitimacy in this sense. Without this it will be increasingly compelled to function by coercion and inducements. Combined with other weaknesses, such as deepening socioeconomic distress, the intensifying crisis of legitimacy could make the cumbersome apparatus of the Saudi state a political Titanic, a ship headed straight for icebergs.
Source:
by courtesy & © 2001 Crescent International & Khalil Osman
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